Electronics Laboratory Report.

Laboratory Long report. Electronic laboratory practice Abstract: The aim of this laboratory was to make us familiar with how to use the different types of electronic equipment and how to accurately use them to make measurements. The equipment used in this laboratory included: (i) the signal generator which was used to supply the power used in the various procedures, (ii) The oscilloscope which was used to view and record the waves produced from the AC currents and then make relevant calculations based on that. iii) The DC power supply was used in the first two procedures which involved using the resistors. (iv) Familiarised with the multimeter and used it to take measurements (v) the experiment board which was used to do create most of the circuits and take the necessary measurements. Procedure 1: The measurement of resistance. The resistances of the 5k? and 22k? resistors were found using the theory and by taking the actual readings. The resistances of the resistors were first measu red by comparing the colour bands on the resistors to the colour code chart provided.The procedure for this is: there are four bands on each of the resistors, and each colour on the band denotes a specific number on the resistor colour code chart, which gives us the significant figure and the multiplier which is in powers of 10. The values using the colour code were calculated and found to be as follows. * 5. 1k? with a  ±5% tolerance * 21k? with  ±10% tolerance. These nominal values are the ones that are calculated but in reality the actual values of resistance can be a bit different from the ones calculated due to impurities.The actual resistances are measured by using a multimeter, the way this is done is that the resistors are mounted on an experiment board and then the multimeter is connected right across it. The values were recorded and found to be as follows: * 5. 037k? * 21. 047k? | Nominal value| Actual value| 5k? resistor| 5. 1k?  ±5% tolerance| 5. 307k? | 22k? resis tor| 21k?  ±10% tolerance| 21. 047k| In conclusion, it can be seen that there was a difference in the calculated nominal values of the resistors and the actual ones which were calculated.But they were still within their tolerance levels; there could be plenty of reasons for that which might include different types of batteries, differences in temperature of the room, impurities in different sections of the experiment board which might have affected the readings. ’ The tolerance level is defined as an allowable variation from a predefined standard. A value from an experiment or a variance is not considered significant unless it exceeds the limit set by the tolerance limit. ’ – www. bridgefieldgroup. om/bridgefieldgroup/glos9. htm For this reason, we can assume these differences in the actual values of the resistors to be insignificant since they were within the stated tolerances. Procedure 2: The measurement of voltage. In this experiment, the principle was to create a voltage divider circuit and to carry out the required measurements were undertaken to prove the principle of the voltage divider. For that, a circuit was created where a supply voltage was applied across two resistors R1 and R2 in series as shown in the figure below.And the two equations shown below were used to make the necessary calculations. Image source: http://www. ermicro. com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/basic_r01. jpg http://diy. griffshp. com/wp-content/VoltageDivider. jpg The experiment was carried by using two resistors of values R1 equal to 5k? and R2 equal to 22k?. The resistors were mounted on the experiment board and the voltage divider circuit was created. The power was supplied using a +6v power supply and the voltages across each of the resistors was calculated using the Agilent 34401 multimeter.The values were recorded and were found to be as follows: V1=1. 1846v V2=4. 89v The total of the voltages adds up to be 6. 0167v which is roughly about 6v ( the initial voltage supplied) which proves that the voltages are within the required tolerance. To compare these measured values to the nominal values which can be found using the voltage divider equation, substitute the values of R1 and R2 and use V as 6v to find the voltages across each of V1 and V2. v1=6*55+22=1. 11v * V2=6*225+22=4. 88v | Nominal values| Actual values| V1| 1. 11v| 1. 1846v| V2| 4. 88v| 4. 89v| In this experiment it was found that the actual values and the nominal vales were not much different from each other. This could have probably been because of the resistances in the wires or loose connections. But they were both within a tolerance level of 5% which makes the difference insignificant and accountable for experimental error.The outcome of the experiment was that the voltages were shared between the two resistors and the larger resistor got the larger share of the voltage whereas the smaller resistance got the showed smaller voltage passing through it. This prove d the values that we found using the nominal calculations of the voltages. Procedure 3: current measurement. In this experiment, we use the current divider rule which is similar to the voltage divider equation except that the way the circuit is constructed is it is in parallel instead of series.The experiment was set up in the method shown below and the necessary calculations were made. The circuit was constructed as shown in the schematic above and a DC voltage of +6v was passed through it, the currents were measured in each of the resistors and found to be: * I1(current across 5k? ) =1. 182A * I2(current across 22k? )=1. 192A (Ps: The rest of the rest of the report could not be completed since the original lab was not completed on time and hence the required information was missing. ) Table of Contents: 1. Procedure 1 2. Procedure 2 3. Procedure 3

Eminent Domain When Can the Government Take the Property of a Citizen Without His Consent?

Melanie Carter Political Science 2212 State & Local Government W01 Spring 2013 Eminent Domain When Can the Government Take the Property of a Citizen Without His Consent? One of the more controversial Government actions is its ability to exercise the power of eminent domain to take control of property that belongs to an individual or private entity against their will. â€Å"Eminent domain, broadly understood, is the power of the state to seize private property without the owner's consent† (WordNet).This paper will examine the elements of eminent domain and what protections are in place for citizens that may be effected by it, identify types of transactions that are typically involved and accepted in eminent domain cases and discuss what the citizens should expect to receive as compensation even though they have lost the property due to some of the broad definitions of the elements. Any time the government is taking the property of an individual, without his consent, it is a con troversial matter.Many politicians and citizens agree that it was necessary to establish a method of acquiring property for the needs of the common good of the community even when there is a lone hold out property owner. It has been held that the power of eminent domain can only be exercised after meeting the protection standards established under the Fifth Amendment of The United States Constitution. We have been conditioned through the media that the Fifth Amendment protects us against self-incrimination â€Å"I plead the fifth†.Self-Incrimination is an important aspect but most people don’t realize that the Fifth Amendment has a â€Å"taking clause† designed to protect the property owners. â€Å"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor sh all any person be subject for he same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation (United States Constitution Fifth Amendment). The Amendment initially only applied at a federal level until passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in which due process and equal protection were made applicable to the states.Taken at face value, the Fifth Amendment taking clause can be broken down into four basic elements: Nor shall (1) private property be (2) taken for (3) public use without (4) just compensation The first is private property, it is self-explanatory and the definition is fairly narrow today although its prior applications were more expansive for example one of the biggest issues with emancipation of slaves was the one time belief that they were seen as pr operty and not as individuals and this status protected the property owner.It was this view that brought about the Emancipation Proclamation and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. Private property is defined as: Private property N-land or belongings owned by a person or group and kept for their exclusive use (Dictionary. com) The next element is the taking of the property. The property my be taken from the owner without their consent in order to make an improvement of some sort that will have a beneficial result for the community.It’s important also to note that property owner is not only in jeopardy of losing their property to the government but that it may lose to a private developer for the purpose of an improvement that might add value to the city for example in the form of taxes. In the case of eminent domain the property is taken without the consent of the owner of the property. If the owner were to consent or agree to a payment then it is simply a transaction and emi nent domain is no longer applicable.The third element is the requirement that the property is taken for public use and because of the definition applied for public use it is the most controversial. While the party who is surrendering his property under eminent domain will almost always be upset or offended, the remainder of the citizens will typically may not take issue with the process as long as they see the benefit for themselves and their communities. Improved infrastructure such as road building, bridge building, water shed protection and education are examples of these takings that are agreeable with most of the people.The broad definition of â€Å"Public Use† in Eminent domain cases as applied today: Public use n. the only purpose for which private property can be taken (condemned) by the government under its power of eminent domain. Public use includes: schools, streets, highways, hospitals, government buildings, parks, water reservoirs, flood control, slum clearance and redevelopment, public housing, public theaters and stadiums, safety facilities, harbors, bridges, railroads, airports, terminals, prisons, jails, public utilities, canals, and numerous other purposes designated as beneficial to the public (Hill & Hill).This broad definition was reviewed and established primarily based on two US Supreme Court cases. The first is a 1954 decision in the case of Berman v. Parker (Law. Cornell. Edu) and it was found that public use has a much more broad reach than simply building a roadway. In Berman, the case dealt with the District of Columbia Re-Development Act of 1945 and found it to be constitutional for the administrative agency to take the appellant’s building from him. The appellant owned property and used it for commercial purposes, to use urban slang, he was a â€Å"slum lord† and the agency wanted to re-develop the area.The Supreme Court agreed that it was reasonable to â€Å"eliminate and prevent slum and substandard housin g conditions—even though such property may be sold or leased to other private interests subject to conditions designed to accomplish these purposes† (Law. Cornell. Edu). After upholding the Re-Development Act, the definition of â€Å"public use† was expanded to cover the aforementioned â€Å"beneficial to the public†. Essentially the Supreme Court said that the requirements of the Fifth Amendment are fulfilled when the owner of the property receives his just compensation for the taken property.Berman remained the standard for 50 years, but it was not the final say of the US Supreme Court when it comes to defining â€Å"Public Use†. The next case would further expand on the public portion of the definition in 2004 with the case of Kelo v. The City of New London. In this case, the Supreme Court expanded on the earlier Berman decision. The City of New London had established a development plan that â€Å"projected to create in excess of 1,000 jobs, whi ch would increase tax and other revenues and would also revitalize an economically distressed city including its downtown and waterfront areas†Ã‚  (Minier, 2005).After buying most of the property necessary for the development there were a few â€Å"hold out† landowners who refused to sell their property. The city wanted to use the power of eminent domain to take possession of the properties that belonged the holdout owners. The Supreme Court set precedent when it found for the City of New London and refused to overturn the ruling of the Supreme Court of Connecticut allowing for property to be transferred to a private owner for the use of economic development, which would benefit the community and therefore could be defined as public use.This broadened the public use definition and has created a lot of controversy because it allows a for-profit, private entity to become the new owner of the taken property as long as it can be shown that the public will benefit. The use o f eminent domain for this purpose will often result in public outcry and protest because the citizens don’t agree with the encroachment by private entities much less the government. As an example, what if Ford Motor Company approached the City of Kennesaw about building a new manufacturing plant for its popular F-150 pick-up line.They are planning on creating 2,500 new jobs with the factory as well as relocating another 250 current employees to the area. Ford has acquired all the necessary parcels of land except for one house on one and a half acres that the owner refused to sell despite offers from the company to pay for the property and relocate the owner. The new plant would increase the tax base for the city and would bring people into the area into new homes (creating more business with construction) or into currently vacant homes.Under the broadened definition of â€Å"public use† the property could be taken by the city as long as just compensation is paid to the owner, and the city could then sell the property to Ford Motor Company to complete the project. The Final element of eminent domain is â€Å"just compensation for the property which has been taken† (Smith, Greenblatt & Mariani, 2011). The receipt by the property owner of this â€Å"just compensation† is what closes out the requirements under the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution.While the Berman ruling was significant towards defining public use, the Supreme Court felt it was important to speak of just compensation in its findings on the case. Just compensation is very subjective because usually the â€Å"hold out† property owner has established a value for his property that is not agreeable to the purchaser of the property; or in some cases the property has a â€Å"greater than cash† value to the property owner who is just determined not to sell it or have it taken away from him.Initially the government will initiate the process of acquiring the prope rty that they need to complete their project just as if they are attempting to purchase it as an independent buyer would. If there is a meeting of the minds and an agreement is reached the purchase is a simple procedure. The challenge comes in when the current owner and the government do not come to an agreement; it is at this point that the process of eminent domain will begin with the formal filing of a lawsuit by the government to take the property.It is also important to note each state has it’s own laws in regards to eminent domain; for example, in one state the government may be required to pay any legal fees assessed in the case. As discussed earlier, if the parties were to come to terms on a purchase then eminent domain would not be applicable. The owner has the right to just compensation which is compensation for property taken under eminent domain that places a property owner in the same position as before the property is taken see also eminent domain.NOTE: Just com pensation is usually the fair market value of the property taken. Since the definition of public use has been broadened it the significance of just compensation increases because it is the greater judicial measure of having met the requirements of the Fifth Amendment. Further, â€Å"The owner of property is entitled to be put in as good a position pecunuarily as if his property had not been taken†. Fair Market Value as applied within just compensation is also subjective and controversial.FMV (Fair Market Value) will consider current improvements to the property but it does not take into account sentimental value, historical significance, or future increase in value of the property. When addressing the just compensation issue the government usually has the advantage because if they have already decided to exercise the Power of Eminent domain then negotiations have usually ended and with the public use issue settled the property owner can only take the issue to court and hope f or a favorable decision and award through arbitration or the court process.While just compensation covers the property at fair market value it does not cover attorney’s fees related to the disputed acquisition of the property. The challenge here is that the family that has been displaced may find little satisfaction in being justly compensated (in the eyes of the government) for having their lives in an upheaval; their lives may be wrapped up in the community in which they have been rooted and eminent domain could cause an unjust hardship outside of the monetary issue. This is one of the examples that make eminent domain one of the most unpopular acts.The Power of Eminent domain plays an important role in our communities. Although the Fifth Amendment was designed to afford protection to the property owners that protection has been diluted through a series of court rulings that have broadened definitions and allow Eminent domain to work in the governments favor. Essentially th e government will prevail if it meets the four elements of the Fifth Amendment’s takings clause nor shall (1) private property be (2) taken for (3) public use without (4) just compensation.When deciding the next course of action the property owner should be aware these elements and also should consider the worthiness of the challenge. Currently the Atlanta Falcons, a private sports franchise, are looking for a new stadium that will be built and operated in a joint venture with the City of Atlanta through a government appointed agency, The Georgia World Congress Center Authority and just compensation will play heavily in the activities of property acquisition.There are two churches in the way of the proposed new stadium site, one of which wants to improve its standing and position and the other has age and historical significance. Friendship Baptist Church has historical significance in that it was started by slaves more than 150 years ago and is the â€Å"oldest black Baptis t church in the city of Atlanta† and many important events/institutions began at this church including the fact that Spelman College was founded in the basement of the church and Morehouse College held classes there (Proctor, 2013).At this point, Lloyd Hawk who is the Chair of the Board of Trustees for the church says that they want the significance of the church to continue to be at the forefront and they want some of the significance of the church, such as the Bell Tower, to remain but they are waiting to see what kind of offer they are going to be made. The other church, Mount Vernon Baptist, has conceded that they would sell and have stated that they want to do what is best for both the community and the church.There will be other property owners who choose to hold out trying to get the â€Å"best deal†. This matter will be a good, relevant case study in eminent domain because it will involve all aspects of the disputed issues including public money, public use, inc reased economic impact, and private corporate involvement. The bottom line is that in the case of eminent domain there is no clear winner and there may be a clear loser. In some cases it may be a good thing for all parties involved; perhaps the property owner has no ties to the property and is ready to get out.Taking payment for the property may be a way that they can walk away cleanly. But, the government, in my eyes will never be the loser because they will always get what they want. The homeowner may not want to surrender the property for any amount of money based on sentiment or any number of other reasons and being forced out of their gamily home is stressful. Or, the homeowner may feel that the financial (just compensation) falls short of their expectations or they may simply be greedy and want too much.In either scenario the homeowner is clearly the loser if they lose their home under circumstance that they feel are less than ideal if the power of eminent domain prevails. Bib liography Hill, G. , & Hill, K. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/public use Minier, D. (2005). Kelo v. city of new london. Retrieved from http://www. casebriefs. com/blog/law/property/property-law-keyed-to-dukeminier/eminent-domain-and-the-problem-of-regulatory-takings/kelo-v-city-of-new-london/ Miriam Webster. N. p. : n. p. , n. d.Http://dictionary. findlaw. com/definition/just-compensation. html. Web. 04 Apr. 2013. . (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. law. cornell. edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0348_0026_ZS. html private property. (n. d. ). WordNet ® 3. 0. Retrieved April 16, 2013, from Dictionary. com website:  http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/private property private property. (n. d. ). Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved April 16, 2013, from Dictionary. com website:http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/private propertyProctor, A. (2013, March 22). Historic atlanta church si ts on proposed site of new falcons stadium. Fox 5 News. Retrieved from Historic Atlanta church sits on proposed site of new Falcons stadium SCEG. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. columbia. edu/cu/cssn/expansion/ Smenkowski, B. P. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/206470/Fifth-Amendment/296512/Takings In text (Smenkowski) Smith, K. B. , Greenblatt, A. , & Mariani, M. (2011). Governing states and localities. (3 ed. , p. 439). Washington, D. C. : Cq Staff Directories.

An Astrologer’s Day Essay

An Astrologer’s Day is a story of an astrologer who conducts his business near a court. He starts his work almost at midday . He spreads his professional equipment, which consist of a dozen cowrie shells , a square piece of cloth with obscure mystic charts on it, a notebook and a bundle of Palmyra writing . He’s a fine get-up of an astrologer, with his forehead shinning with sacred ash and vermilion. He has dark whiskers and sparkling eyes. To crown the effect, he wears a saffron-colored turban around his head. He sits at a place which’s frequented by all sorts-of people. Many hawkers cry loudly near him. And when its dark he gets light from a neighboring hawker. The astrologer was devoid of any professional training. During his youth he used to drink, gamble and quarrel. Once he hit a fellow villager hard on his head and assuming the person dead, he pushed him into a well. To hide himself from the police he ran away and settled as an astrologer in a town. Even though he lacked training, he had all the shrewdness and understanding of human mind and the causes of human worries. Thats why he could answer convincing questions to his clients. Once he had an encounter with a person before winding up his day’s work. The man wanted to get satisfactory answer to the question â€Å"Whether he’ll be able to find his enemy or not. The astrologer recognized him as his enemy in that dim light. He was the person whom he pushed into a well thinking he was dead. The astrologer struck a bargain with him. He gave such convincing answers to his questions that the man was fully satisfied. The astrologer told him that his enemy was crushed under a lorry and now he show never travel southward to avoid anymore trouble in his life. In this way he bade him good bye and got rid of his enemy. Reaching home the astrologer told his wife that a great burden was off his head as the person whom he thought to be dead was alive. He narrated the past incident to her. After this, he yawned and stretched himself on the pyol.

Role of the WTO and the IMF in global business Case Study

Role of the WTO and the IMF in global business - Case Study Example IMF was formed in 1944 at the conference held in the United States; another main role of formation was to provide loans to the members. The loan provision to members of IMF was meant to boost trade between countries or achieve balance of payments. While WTO has increased access to international markets, IMF has assisted some countries achieve positive balances of payment. However, many have criticized the two institutions. For example, IMF has been criticized for formulation policies that make it difficult for some countries to access IMF loan. This report explains the role of WTO and IMF. It also explains the impacts of the two institutions have had on global businesses. According to Morrison (2011), IMF and the World Bank are two institutions formed to provide funds. The two institutions are also called Bretton Woods Institutions because they were formed in Bretton Woods. The main aims of formation of IMF are to foster international monetary cooperation and expand international trade. The two objectives that led to the formation of IMF go on to remove the inequities that exist between members’ balance of payment. The goals that led to the formation of the institution are to be met by promoting exchange stability, maintenance of systematic exchange arrangements and circumvention of competitive exchange depreciation. In addition, IMF also promotes the economy of the member states by providing funds for disposal and the funds assist states facing financial crisis. Internal Monetary Fund also provides assistance temporarily to countries (members) that tries to keep their currencies stable in times of financial downfalls. In addition, the institution assists states that have structural trade problems. This only happens when the states having structural trade problem seek help from the institution. However, the author noted that the institution could not save the country facing huge and continuous (Ramakrishnan & Zalduendo, 2006). Here are main

To Compare Jacques-Louis David's Death of Marat with Caravaggio's Essay

To Compare Jacques-Louis David's Death of Marat with Caravaggio's Entombment - Essay Example However, they differ in their implications and the audiences they intended to address during their time. For illustration, Caravaggio's Entombment audience encompassed Christians whereby it intended to instill the essence of Christ’s death (Wright 20). Jacques-Louis David's Death of Marat served as homage to the French revolutionary (Bietoletti 70). Death of Marat, Entombment both emanated from neoclassical and baroque periods respectively in spite of sharing similar implications regarding fallen heroes (Bietoletti 8). This study seeks to expound how the two works compare by utilizing similar stylistic elements to convey their respective message to the audiences. Stylistic analysis Figure 1: The Death of Marat - Jacques-Louis David. Accessed on 19Th 19Th December 2012 from Figure 2: Entombment of Christ – Caravaggio. Accessed on 19Th December 2012 from The significance of these two images lies with common utilization of stylistic techniques to relay their messages to t he audiences. This is regardless of the artists emanating or representing diverse artwork periods. Essentially, this is evident from how they use space in both Jacques-Louis David's Death of Marat and Caravaggio's Entombment images, which is more of baroque style (Greene 402). The artists in depicting their artworks tend to diminish the space amid the audience and the images, whereby one can feel them with hands. For instance, the Caravaggio's portrait exemplifies the tomb where the Christ is about to lie far much close to the viewer, which is apparent from the light illuminating one of its four corners. This is also similar with the man’s foreshortened elbow that seems to protrude in the viewer’s space from its intended realm. Similarly, David utilizes the same techniques mainly exhibited by both the man’s head and the desk’s contents, though in comparison the latter seems closer to the viewer than the rest. The artists have also utilized light and dark shades in their images, though in this context their implications are diverse. Caravaggio’s intention encompassed to move the audience’s focus to the core activity, which the figures were doing. Consequently, this was his intention of darkening the background by illuminating only the figures and tomb, though it seems so dramatic compared to the real illumination. Since, Caravaggio’s tenebroso does not allow slow movement of light to the targeted figures and spreading to the surroundings, but abruptly results to a sharp focus to the intended direction. Probably, this is to deny insignificant areas (background) adequate illumination, which common with Catholicism images meant for meditation or commemoration. Jacques-Louis David has also adopted the same technique though his intention entailed to soften the scene’s horror. This is by utilizing warm yellow light that would give the image a fairer outlook contrary to its reality (Marat had a skin diseases) (Gr eene 402). Dark shade in this image is similar to Caravaggio’s, which evades eliminating the background coupled with shift the audience’s focus to the main figure. Besides, the dark shade in this image softens murder’s merciless stubbing and the knife that is lying on the floor, though

Vision for the Future of Nursing Speech or Presentation

Vision for the Future of Nursing - Speech or Presentation Example Evidence-based nursing draws upon the results and findings of ongoing research in nursing so that knowledge incorporates into practice, and the quality of health care improves. The application of nursing theory has immense influence upon the professional nursing practice. Nursing theories assist nurses in the prediction and analysis of, and rational decision making in every day experiences. Nursing theories facilitate the intervention process by providing the nurses with a rationale for obtaining reliable information regarding the patients’ health. Nursing theories establish the standards for the measurement of quality of healthcare provided by the nurses. Finally, the nursing theories function to enhance the autonomy of nurses by defining their individualistic roles and responsibilities. Nurses need to have an adequate knowledge of the nursing theories to enhance their productivity and rational decision making ability. Two features that lay the foundations of almost any kind of model of healthcare delivery are mobility and portability. Today, these features are evident in the growth of ambulatory healthcare centers, freestanding clinics as well as all sorts of nonhospital settings. Trends are changing for the better and more Americans are aging at their homes rather than in old houses these days. There is increased tendency for children to avoid institutions for their parents in the future. This imparts the need for the nurses to deliver the care at the patients’ homes. â€Å"There’s a shift away from institutional care toward individual responsibility, and a move from hospitals and nursing homes to retail, kiosks, and home† (Hines cited in Saver, 2006). This is inconsistent with the general training of the nurses in which they gain education so as to deliver care in a hospital-based environment. In addition to that patients today want increased level of personal control over their healthcare, which generates a need for the nurses t o develop innovative methods of delivery of healthcare and expect more self-diagnostic tests by the patients. These changes have increased the number of challenges for the seasoned nurses. To play their role effectively as before, it is imperative that the hospital-based nurses place more emphasis on assisting the patients with transiting to where they will mostly heal; their homes. Nursing schools are currently suffering from budget constraints because of which, millions of qualified applicants turn away. There has also been a shortage of nursing faculty in the recent years. Research suggests that almost 50% of the faculty members serving in the nursing schools would have reached the age of retirement within the next 10 years; â€Å"the anticipated attrition represents a crisis in the making, with potentially far-reaching consequences for the replenishment of the nurse workforce, which is itself on the verge of losing some 500,000 nurses to retirement† (Aiken, 2011). The dec line of the graduation rate of nurses as well as the nursing faculty is a matter of great concern, especially when there are numerous good employment opportunities for nurses in the present age. The fundamental reason this is happening is that nursing students and faculty members are required to return to school after the completion of basic education and a couple of additional academic degrees and not many nurses find this route simple enough to

International Financial Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Financial Market - Essay Example 008 because most of the investors are big institutions like the pension fund, investment funds, sovereign states, and banks. The sovereign states have significant strategic and economic considerations that inform the willingness to buy the treasury bills (Grabbe, 2006). Additionally, treasury bills are not purchased for their contribution and returns, but because they are the safest method for holding reserves. Although most people believe the risk in the financial system, the investors are ready to accept less return for the protection of reserves (Grabbe, 2006). Task 2: a) Development in the rate of inflation. Inflation in the United Kingdom experienced growth in the value of consumer services and retail sales. The two elements rose slightly during the 6 months of year, but it remained modest. Also, the housing market strengthened continuously. The intentions of investments continued to greatly aim at increasing efficiency, with minimal large expansion capacity underway. Also the m anufacturing exports grew at a moderate level (Dufey & Giddy 2008). In recent months, the output in manufacturing grew for the domestic market. Consequently, there was a modest development in the turnover of business services. The annual rate of construction output declined as the building of houses increased. Generally, the output in the industry changed significantly on previous years. Additionally, the corporate credit conditions continued to improve gradually, but various companies reported the urge to dwell on the non-bank or internal funding. The intentions in employment edged higher over the recent months but were flat for the services of consumers (Grabbe, 2006). Also, the capacity utilisation remained below normal in both services and manufacturing. The labour costs for each employee grew modestly but in stable rates over the earlier months. Material costs’ inflation fell to lower levels and remained in stable conditions for the prices of finished goods (Dufey & Gidd y 2008). The business services prices and manufacturer’s increase rate remained subdues, though the rate of profitability edged high with rise in output. Finally, the consumer price inflation rate remained unchanged. Bank of England Prospects for inflation: The Bank of England has foreseen a sustained output expansion, although the upturn pace is more likely to be tempered by financial crisis legacy. The spare capacity degree is expected to be constant for some time. The economic slack persistence is expected to continue dampening domestic inflation. Although Consumer Price Index is scheduled to remain at 3%, it is more likely to fall to a target of 2% over the prospected

American History Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American History Paper - Essay Example After years, American became an imperial power of an isolationist foreign policy while in years; the government and corruption were replaced with a reformer’s progressive government. Due to significant impacts of both policies, the achievement of social and politics of the progressive government had some reaching effects than the American empire buildings. Before 1890, America somehow uninvolved in foreign affairs, but by 1902, it became an imperial power. Through motivation of new desire for new markets, and the image of strong navy, it was only a matter of time before America played a major role on the world stage. The war with Spain was the first major imperial action. When the war ended, the United States annexed Puerto Rico and the Philippines so as to Christianize and civilize them, leading to the start of Benevolent Assimilation policy. Therefore, Cuba received its independence with some limitations that intended to ensure that the United States had a practical control of the nation. In 1901, President McKinley was assassinated while Teddy Roosevelt as a progressive reformer was given the Vice-Presidency to end his political career and thereafter made to be the president. The reformers strengthen the people through referendum, initiative, direct primary elections and the direct senator’s election. Women’s political power increased and thus gained the right to vote by 1920. Teddy Roosevelt’s deal finally protected the consumer’s needs through acts like drug act and pure food, while giving the government power over the corporations that previous led the government. Most of the progressive accomplishments have evolved further from their initial conception. The progressiveness of the domestic policies has had a huge impact on the United States Development. These policies made huge gains in rights of women, consumer protection, labor reform, conservation, fiscal reform and projects of public works. The current set of government’s framework was

Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Concept - Essay Example Reference will be taken from various books that speak of Stoic ethical principles, while also exploring the modern application of such teachings. Unbridled and uncontrollable emotions, especially negative ones, left unchecked are never a good and pleasant thing to deal with. However, that seems to be how many people are these days; and one can see, hear and even experience it in many ways. A person would listen to an unfortunate girl’s story on how her boyfriend tempestuously broke-up their relationship just because she would not accept his advances for sex, or how a man beats up his kids for getting low grades, and sometimes for no apparent reason. It sounds close enough to be said as dystopian, but the world we live in is not even close to utopian either. This is a world where people have a stronger tendency to commit actions based on what they feel, being driven emotionally. When passion races uncontrollably, it can bring both the best in people, and also the worst. The tendency though is that there is nothing consistent, and that the negative results of taking things too emotionally or passionately leave a more las ting effect. In the view of Stoic ethics, it is an unwise tragedy to live according to one’s passions, while making life decisions that are purely based on feelings. Stoicism warns us about the dangers and consequences of living a life without the virtues of self-control or restraint. For Stoicism, getting easily upset and distressed would do no good to one’s life. It is a waste of time and energy to sulk or fume over the predicaments or setbacks in life. It would be better, according to Stoic philosophy, that we face problems with a dignified and calm acceptance. Stumpf (1999) posited that â€Å"moral philosophy in Stoic thought rested upon a simple insight, wherein each person was viewed as an actor in a drama† (p.109). It is the director of the drama who selects people to play various roles. In the drama of the world, it is

History - bisness plan Essay Example for Free

History bisness plan Essay The owners of Excel Hygiene have been colleagues in a company which operated on a national scale, converting urban organic waste in to natural fertilizers for crop production in farms. This company has decided to focus on the rural sector and does not wish to expand its urban operations. Its major customer group is of farmers and owners of plantations. It has considered and rejected plans to enter health care lines. The agriculture and rural marketing business, while voluminous, is subject to the vagaries of nature. It is also intensely competitive, with narrow margins and uncertain demand levels. The bio-medical waste sector, on the other hand, is a rapidly rising star on the economic horizon. Demand for health care services is growing and assured. The number of competitors, as seen earlier, is limited, and consequently the margins are relatively attractive. The sector demands very high levels of service, but pay-offs are matching. Biotechnology is versatile with many future sectors which Excel Hygiene can address. There are many useful microbes in nature and their isolation and culture is relatively easy for those in the know. The owners of Excel Hygiene have succeeded in preparing and agreeing on a business plan. The latter has found favor with venture capitalists looking for biotech opportunities, so the company could be funded without denting the personal savings of the promoters too seriously. A crucial factor has been the timeliness of the new enterprise, though its aggression in bidding for a substantial price premium from the beginning is founded more on technical considerations of the safety advantage than any standard financial or economic wisdom. Market Definition Excel Hygiene plans to be a niche player with a very conservative market share target of just 1%. The first reason for this is the high premium the company wishes to charge for its differentiated products and services. It is possible that hospitals and doctors who do not attach much value to safety will not be willing to pay the higher prices. Further, health care institutions are conservative customers, and will take time to accept services from a new provider. The financiers behind the new enterprise also prefer quick and assured payback with high percentage returns to large volumes and top line growth. The entry strategy of Excel Hygiene is to secure contracts in relatively low-risk units of top quality institutions. Word of mouth promotion is very important in the health care community, so the new enterprise has to ensure that the most prestigious customers join its ranks first. The risks of switching to a new service provider are daunting in life saving units, but it is much easier to induce switches in routine areas. Excel hygiene will target waiting areas, food preparation zones, and general wards for its entry, staying away from competitive strongholds in Intensive Care and Casualty units. Excel Hygiene plans to hold seminars and to participate in scientific meetings on infection control to ensure word of mouth promotion of its services and image. Special efforts will be made to make spokespeople out of the best known doctors, surgeons, and para-medical workers, so that branding has a firm and stable base. The financial plans provide for this first phase to last the first full year of operations, and the second year will be used to leverage the accumulated goodwill by tripling the relatively small revenues of the first year. Excel Hygiene will invest in free demonstrations of its services for the first 6 months, backed by microbiology tests. This is to establish the reliability of the company’s services and to prove the efficacies of its novel range of biological products. The company will aim to have the results of these trials published, so that the investment can result in high growth during the second year of operations. A final element of strategy will be to liaise with regulatory authorities for endorsement of the company’s novel products. This approach will help to consolidate the small market share that the company hopes to forge within 2 years, and to protect its revenues during the subsequent years. The company hopes to excel by defining its business scope, territorial spread, and customer definition very tightly, seeking to specialize in a niche area. The emphasis is also on reassuring financiers since the company does not have a prior establishment in the market of substantial fixed asset covers. This conservative approach may be reviewed once the company has achieved its targets for the first five years. Quantitatively, Excel Hygiene targets net revenues of $500 thousand in the first year, rising to over $2 million by year 5. However, the major growth is expected during the second year itself. The infrastructure which has been planned will not allow full service coverage of more than 500 client units at a time within the designated territory. Hence, growth from the third year onwards will be marginal. It is typical in this business to suffer some client turnover, though it is equally possible to canvass for new contracts. Incineration and treatment capacities are other constraints to bear in mind.

Discuss The Communication Process And Its Elements English Language Essay

Discuss The Communication Process And Its Elements English Language Essay This essay will discuss the communication process and the elements it consists of. I will then critically applying these theories to my own case study, that will be discussed in more detail at a later stage, and relate it back to the various elements of the communication process. The Communication Process The word communication originated from the Latin verb communicare. The meaning of this words translation (which is to share or to make common) provides the first half of the meaning of the English word communication. The second half is related to information and meaning. (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 13) So, ultimately, communication simply means to share or make ones meanings or information in ones possession common? Unfortunately it isnt that easy. Almost every author of a publication regarding the science of communication assigns a different definition to the concept of communication. In the following definitions its quite clear that information is more often incorporated into these definitions than meaning. Its also clear that an interaction that seems to be simple is actually quite complex when investigated. A few definitions include: Communication is the sharing, giving and receiving of information Communication is the transfer of information from one or more people to one or more people (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 13) Communication is the symbolic process of sharing meanings (Galvin, K.M. Wilkinson, C.A. 2006. The Communication Process: Impersonal and Interpersonal. The Communication Process. Roxbury Publishing. 5) Communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(is) the transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver in an understandable manner (Sanchez, N. Communication Process. And according to Dr Appalayya Meesala for the transfer of the information, a certain vehicle (medium) is assigned, which loads itself with the message and passes it on to the intended receiver(s). The way the mediums transport the information in such a way that the receiver understands it as its intended to, is the communication process (Meesala, Dr A. Understanding the Communication Process The Key to Organisational Success. Meaning Meanings greatest limitation is that even though it is present in ones mind at all times, it is never fully. The meaning received by the by the individual on the receiving end of the communication is hardly ever the same as the meaning intended by the sender. This is because of their uniqueness regarding their individuality, sensory organs and cognitive functions. Various factors can influence the accurate transfer of the intended meaning from the sender to the receiver. These include: Word or phrase usage, the register of language, the structure of sentences, the individual characteristics of each communicator, the non-verbal messages sent, the pre-existing knowledge each communicator possesses of the other, the relationship between the communicators, method used to deliver the message, the audience and the surrounding events or interference. These influential factors are also referred to as the context in which the message is transferred. It is thus easy to conclude that the accurate transferral of ones meaning to a receiver(s) is a science as well as an art. (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 14-16) Even more, although the use of verbal and non-verbal codes allow us to transmit thoughts and emotions, the mediums used in a communicative interaction should be mutually understood by both communicating parties for meanings to be more accurately shared. Common meanings make it possible to communicate. And communication mishaps occur due to missed meanings (Galvin, K.M. Wilkinson, C.A. 2006. The Communication Process: Impersonal and Interpersonal. The Communication Process. Roxbury Publishing. 7). Sending and receiving Messages One would usually use the word channels to describe how messages are sent and received but so many experts assigned completely different meanings to this concept. Thus I will use Dr Gordon Coatess choice of words i.e. Instead, I will simply say that messages passed between two people need a way to get out of one person and a way to get in to another person. Therefore, I will talk about output and input (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 18). By output I will refer to information going out from sender to receiver and, thus, input will refer to that information being received by the receiving party. The input system is sometimes wrongly confused to be a passive process and the output process is an active process. Regarding the human brain, taking in information is indeed an active process as well. Inputs are achieved by means of sensations and outputs by means of actions. With that said, when referring to sensations I mean signals received by ones sensory organs, then transferred to ones brains via nerve fibres and then processed. Organs that are particularly involved in this process are the eyes, ears and tactile sensory systems (their importance follow in that very order too.) (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 18-19) Various people seem to use one of these three organs more effectively than the others. Although a preference towards using one doesnt exclude using the other, it does reduce the effectiveness to which the others are used. And when two interacting communicators dont share a mutual preference towards a certain input, communication mishaps may occur when it comes to understanding meaning. Outputs are achieved by means of specific actions like talking, writing or physical gestures. They are also named after the input used to receive them i.e. visual, auditory and tactile. For example, when a gesture is made, a visual output is employed. Other than inputs, the actions used to achieve outputs are performed by body parts and NOT by the sensory organs. Thus inputs and outputs use different parts of the body. (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 22) Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Verbal communication refers to written as well as spoken words used to communicate as it means using a language to share information. (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 39) Non-Verbal communication gets most of the attention in most publications regarding communication science. Non-verbal communication refers to any communication that is achieved without solely relying on the use of words or symbols to transfer information. This type of communication may even provide more information than the spoken words used during interactions and provide all this additional information simultaneous to the spoken words. (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 48) Aspects of non-verbal communication include: First Impressions, Distance, Orientation, Posture, Movements, Gestures, Facial expressions, Eye contact, Sound effects, Direct contact, Consent issues and Personal qualities. Components of the communication Process Case study To effectively explain the components, or elements, of the communication process I will apply them to a case study, thus a realistic experience. The interaction I have chosen is a conversation with a friend via the widely popular social network called MXit. I have chosen this case study because I think it represents each component in the communication process quite clearly and accurately. The elements I will discuss on the basis of this case study are: Communicators (sender and receiver), Message, Noise, Feedback and the Setting/Context. These elements are not mutually exclusive but they are indeed considerably interlaced/interdependent. During the communication process the sender and receiver (the communicators) switch in the roles they play, but everything else stays the same. Thus the direction of information changes but the process itself stays unchanged. The sender is also known as the source or the initiator of the communication process. (Nordquist, R. Communication Process. http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/Communication-Process.htm?p=1. 2011. 1) He is faced with the first step which involves the encoding or translating of a cognitive idea or information onto understandable words and using the appropriate medium to transfer this message in such a way that the receiver will understand it. It is of immense importance that the sender uses mediums that are mutually familiar between him and the receiver. A good thing to keep in mind is the saying say what you mean and mean what you say. In my case study I was the sender who initiated the conversation by greeting my friend and thus sending the first message using a mutually understood language. The receiver is the other person involved in this interaction who decodes the message sent by the sender, thus my friend on the other end of the waves transferring our messages from and to each other. The receiver must be sufficiently accessible to receive the message (Coates, G.T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Definitions of Communication. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com. 152). In the case of my MXit conversation, for a fluent conversation to take place my friend must be in an area with sufficient signal. This communicator must also possess and employ both sensory capacity (good eye-sight to be able to read my messages coming through and that are displayed on his cell phones screen) and cognitive capacity (be bright and mentally clear in order to understand my sent messages and intended meanings). All the receivers interpretations of the senders message are influenced by his experiences, attitudes, knowledge, ski lls, perceptions and culture. The same aspects influence the senders encoding process (Sanchez, N. Communication Process. http://web.njit.edu/~lipuma/352comproc/comproc.htm. 2000. 2) The message is the encoded thoughts of the sender taking the form of the chosen code. It is the essential content of information to be passed in communication (Meesala, Dr A. Understanding the Communication Process The Key to Organisational Success. http://ezinearticles.com/?Understanding-the-Communication-ProcessThe-Key-to-Organisational-Successid=876670. 2007. 2). It can be written, verbal or non-verbal, pictures, diagrams or numbers and should be in the language mutually understood my both sender and receiver. Messages usually have hidden or clear meanings that the receiver has to unravel in order to understand the message the sender is trying to convey. Seeing as textual social networks mainly rely on eye-sight as means of input and output only, non-verbal messages accompanying the verbal messages cant be observed and so misunderstandings in the effect of the messages can occur. Thus my friend and I have to carefully choose the wording of our messages to avoid uncomfortable mishaps. Noise refers to any distraction or interference in the environment in which the communication is taking place and can be physical or psychological (Johns, T. 1995. Business Basics: Organisational behaviours. The Communication Process. BPP Publishing Limited. 9) Noise can also refer to a problem in the chosen medium or encoding or decoding of the message in some stage of the process that can lead to misunderstandings (Meesala, Dr A. Understanding the Communication Process The Key to Organisational Success. http://ezinearticles.com/?Understanding-the-Communication-ProcessThe-Key-to-Organisational-Successid=876670. 2007. 2) In my case study the MXit service was unstable and either me or my friends phone will occasionally disconnect from the service temporarily and so messages will get lost and wont be received by the intended receiver. This caused frustration as the receiver will keep waiting ignorant to the fact that the message got lost in a bad connection and will start thinking the sender is ignoring him. This just creates an uncomfortable atmosphere that can influence the fluid continuation of the conversation. Feedback is the final step in the communication process. This is when the role of the sender and receiver swaps and its the receivers turn to send a message which will be a response to the senders message he decoded. This is of immense importance as this is an evaluation of the senders communication abilities. The efficiency of the senders ability to communicate will be determined by the receivers reaction which will determine whether the senders meaning was effectively transferred or not. In my case study feedback will be any response to any message sent between my friend and I. These responses determined whether we have the same meaning assigned to some of the slang and abbreviations we used and enable us to apply changes in our encoding where needed. Context in the communication process refers to the idea that there is a suitable time and place for every message that needs to be conveyed. There is physical context (the environments one chooses to communicate in), social context (the occasion during which one chooses to communicate in) and cultural context that involves an even bigger set of rules in certain societies which will restrict the way you communicate (Dimbleby, R. Burton, G. 1998. More Than Words: An Introduction to Communication, 3rd ed. Routledge) In my MXit conversation the context refers to the context of each individual communicator. For instance, it would be rude to chat on MXt while one is sitting at the dinner table or having a personal conversation with another person. To converse in a MXit conversation one has to be at ease and alone in the comfort of ones privacy and not be interacting with other people. Conclusion Thus I just proved Dr Gordon Coatess statement correct. Through investigating and discussing the components and elements of the communication process in more depth and then applying the theory to reality, it is clear that although it seemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that the process by which communication occurs is very simple in concept, (it) can become extremely complex if it is inspected closely. Biograghy Johns, Dr Ted. 1995. Business Basics: Organisational behaviours. BPP Publishing Limited Meesala, Dr Appalayya. Understanding the Communication Process The Key to Organisational Success. http://ezinearticles.com/?Understanding-the-Communication-ProcessThe-Key-to-Organisational-Successid=876670. 2007 Sanchez, Nick. Communication Process. http://web.njit.edu/~lipuma/352comproc/comproc.htm. 2000 Galvin, Kathleen M. Wilkinson, Charles A. 2006. The Communication Process: Impersonal and Interpersonal. Roxbury Publishing Coates, Gordon T. 2009. Notes on Communication: A few thoughts about the way we interact with the people we meet. Free e-book from www.wanterfall.com Dimbleby, Richard. Burton, G. 1998. More Than Words: An Introduction to Communication, 3rd ed. Routledge Nordquist, Richard. Communication Process. http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/Communication-Process.htm?p=1. 2011 Steinberg, Sheila. 2007. An Introduction to Communication studies. 1st ed. Juta Co.